Western flower thrips, frankliniella occidentalis, is a major cosmopolitan insect pest causing direct and indirect damage to greenhousegrown horticultural crops. Field studies were conducted to examine the spatial distribution of wft on. Virginia tech office of international research, education, and development, 2016. Thripidae is a major agricultural and horticulture pest worldwide kirk, 2002. Body and legs variable, mainly brown with head and pronotum often paler than abdomen, tibiae and tarsi largely yellow. All clean host plants were maintained in a thrips proof nursery chamber at glasshouse conditions 2830c and 70%80% r. Its invasiveness is largely attributed to the international movement of plant material and insecticide resistance, both of which have. Ochoa, dl, zavaletamejia, e, johansen, rm, herrera, a. Since the 1970s frankliniella occidentalis has successfully invaded many countries to become one of the most important agricultural pests of ornamental, vegetable and fruit crops globally. Control of western flower thrips frankliniella occidentalis pupae with metarhizium anisopliae in peat and peat alternative growing media. Comparative life history studies of frankliniella occidentalis and thrips tabaci. The appearance of frankliniella occidentalis pergande in hungary. Little is known about their biological control in california vineyards jensen et al. Spatial distribution and reproductive biology of western.
Pdf biology and ecology of the western flower thrips. Population dynamics of frankliniella occidentalis pergande. Method for mass rearing evenaged western flower thrips on. The frankliniella occidentalis pergande complex in.
Light in color, wingless, similar in appearance to other frankliniella thrips. Frankliniella intonsa browse species thrips of california. Currently 230 species are listed in the genus frankliniella, with up to further names placed into synonymy nakahara, 1997. Araya 1, tomislav curkovic y herman zarate2 agricultura tecnica chile 672. The primary way of managing western flower thrips populations is by routinely applying insecticides, which target the aboveground life stages. Thripidae, is a pest in commercially produced onion allium cepa l. This material is based upon work supported by the united state agency for international development under award number aidoaal1500001. Western flower thrips, frankliniella occidentalis p. This high rate of synonymy has been due to the previously unrecognized variability in size and color of so many species.
The pest status of onion thrips can be attributed to its polyphagous nature, high reproductive rate, short generation time, high survival of cryptic nonfeeding prepupa and pupa instars, ability to reproduce without mating. Greenhouse experiments were conducted for reducing f. Pdf evaluation of chemical and biological insecticides to control. The first program was by releasing four phytoseiid predacious mite species namely neoseiulus arundonaxi metwally and sanad, n. The maxillae then ingest the fluids from the cells, but not directly from the vascular tissue. Numerous hosts may serve as sources for thrips entering tomato fields, yet tomato is a poor reproductive host. A second search for publications with the topic frankliniella occidentalis or western. Effects of predators on the belowground life stages prepupae. Insecticide resistance in the western flower thrips. Biology and pest status of western flower thrips 9. Analysis by gc showed that the combined mass of 10ac and 12ac per droplet increased with age of second instars from 2 ng to 18 ng, while the mass ratio. Terminal part of antennae of frankliniella occidentalis showing the additional antennal segment of the latter. It causes damage and spoilage to a vast number of economically important plant species through feeding, oviposition and spread of several plant diseases, most notably.
Western flower thrips frankliniella occidentalis pergande 4 biology and behavior western flower thrips has a punchingsucking feeding habit, using the mandible to punch a hole into the host and then inserting the maxillae into the opening. Frankliniella occidentalis pergande is an invasive pest that endangers a wide variety of horticultural and agronomic crops. Abstract 1 since the late 1970s, the western flower thrips has spread from its original distribution in western north america to become a major worldwide crop pest 2 a wide range of data sources have been used to map the original distribution in the u. Frankliniella occidentalis brunnescens priesner, 1932 frankliniella occidentlis dubia priesner. Pesticide resistance can have a negative impact on integrated pest management programmes with chemical control as. Western flower thrips wft, frankliniella occidentalis pergande, is a highly invasive pest, infesting many species of plants worldwide, but few studies have investigated the visual and. This insect order is composed exclusively of tiny insects commonly called thrips, and includes more than 7,000 species. The frankliniella occidentalis pergande complex in california. Frankliniella intonsa recognition data distinguishing features. The spread of the western flower thrips frankliniella. These frankliniella species have rapid generation times, and adults are highly polyphagous. In this study, the distance traveled by wft to locate yellow cards using only visual cues and visual cues plus olfactory cues was studied first. Since the introduction of frankliniella occidentalis in europe, tomato spotted wilt virus tswv has become one of the limiting factors for vegetable crops such as tomato, pepper, and lettuce. Thripidae, was collected from 44 plant species, and the tobacco thrips, frankliniella fusca hinds, was.
The western flower thrips frankliniella occidentalis pergande is an invasive pest insect in agriculture. Analysis of artificial diet to deliver dsrna in the. Dec 30, 2019 two programs for controlling the western flower thrips wft, frankliniella occidentalis pergande thysanoptera. Effects of predators on the belowground life stages. Thripidae is a serious pest on a wide range of crops throughout the world. Frankliniella occidentalis western flower thrips by. One of the biotic effects is the western flower thrips wft, frankliniella occidentalis pergande thysanoptera. Analysis of frankliniella occidentalis pergande as a pest of floricultural crops in. Frankliniella occidentalis, the western flower thrips, is a representative of the order thysanoptera. Biology and ecology of the western flower thrips thysanoptera. Other agents show promise as biological pest control, including the fungus metarhizium.
Larvae of the western flower thrips frankliniella occidentalis are known to produce an anal droplet containing decyl acetate 10ac and dodecyl acetate 12ac, which act as an alarm pheromone. The limiting factor for all postharvest treatments was phytotoxicity, characterised by a loss of vase life that. Shortly after its invasion into europe, the western flower thrips, frankliniella occidentalis pergande, became a more severe pest of greenhouse crops than the onion thrips, thrips tabaci lindeman. Thripidae from the asianpacific area chinling wang, fengchyi lin, yichung chiu, and hsientzung shih applied zoology division, taiwan agricultural research institute, 189 chungcheng road, wufeng, taichung 4, taiwan. In an initial screening trial of the pesticides against larval thrips, 14 caused more than 75% mortality three days after exposure. The western flower thrips is a major agricultural and garden pest, affecting hundreds of cultivated and weedy species. Chemical control of western flower thrips frankliniella. Cloning of a new hsp70 gene from western flowerthrips. The pest attacks many vegetable plants kirisik and erler 2017. A nyugati viragtripsz frankliniella occidentalis pergande megjelenese magyarorszagon. Along with the western flower thrips frankliniella occidentalis, tswv is also vectored by other thrips species present in hawaii including yellow flower thrips frankliniella schultzei, onion thrips thrips tabaci, and chili thrips scirtothrips dorsalis. Frankliniella occidentalis by examination with a microscope. However, this species is variable in size and colour, the dark brown form being more common at low temperatures, and the pale yellow form at higher temperatures, but. The western flower thrips, frankliniella occidentalis pergande thysanoptera.
Postharvest treatments, including insecticidal dips, isopropyl alcohol dips, insecticidal fogs and hot. Virgin females produce sons parthenogenetically but must be mated to produce daughters. They can directly damage plants, grasses and trees, in addition to commercial crops, and as a vector for tospoviruses, a form of plant virus, it particularly affects small fruit production in the united. Western flower thrips frankliniella occidentalis pergande1 edis.
Analysis by gc showed that the combined mass of 10ac and 12ac per droplet increased with age of second instars from 2 ng to 18 ng, while the mass ratio of 10ac. Frankliniella occidentalis wikibooks, open books for an. The western flower thrips frankliniella occidentalis pergande is an invasive pest insect in. Proceedings of the 1993 international conference on thysanoptera. Aside from damage due to feeding, its ability to act as a vector for viruses makes it particularly problematic. This species of thrips is native to the southwestern united states but has spread to other continents, including europe, australia where it was identified in may 1993, and south america via transport of infested plant material. To test whether this differential pest status was due to a larger capacity of population increase, a comparative life history study was carried out on cucumber cucumis.
The extensive use of insecticides in attempts to control its populations. Western flower thrips frankliniella occidentalis management. Frankliniella occidentalis an overview sciencedirect topics. Molecular data is required to confirm that these are distinct biological species. Analysis of anal droplets of the western flower thrips.
The western flower thrips, frankliniella occidentalis pergande, is a polyphagous pest that has been spread worldwide. Taxonomy frankliniella occidentalis western flower thrips euthrips occidentalis species map to uniprotkb 378. Hsp70 is the most important member of the heat shock protein hsp family and plays an important role in insect thermal tolerance. Original research paper the african journal of plant science and biotechnology 2009 global science books population dynamics of frankliniella occidentalis pergande 1895 thysanoptera. Field studies were conducted to examine the spatial distribution of wft on two greenhouse crops. Frankliniella tritici, the eastern flower thrips, is a species of thrips order thysanoptera in the genus frankliniella.
Damage and symptoms damage and symptoms frankliniella occidentalis western flower thrips biology and life cycle management host and distribution management background classification biology and life cycle hosts and distributions damage and symptoms management management. Thrips populations, mainly of the western flower thrips frankliniella occidentalis, have notably increased over the past decades, thus facilitating the emergence of the thripstransmitted tospoviruses prins and goldbach, 1998. Thripidae, was collected from 44 plant species, and the tobacco thrips, frankliniella fusca hinds, was collected. The western flower thrips, however, is considered the most important vector.
National institutes of health the european molecular biology laboratory state secretariat for education, research and innovation seri. Control biologico del trips frankliniella occidentalis. Pesticide resistance can have a negative impact on integrated pest management. It causes damage and spoilage to a vast number of economically important plant species through feeding, oviposition and spread of several plant diseases, most notably tospoviruses morse and. Ipm innovation lab publications 19932016 compilation by. Frankliniella occidentalis franocphotos eppo global. Life history characteristics of frankliniella occidentalis.
Downloadable pdf document on the biology and management of the western flower thrips by clifford s. Some abiotic and biotic factors affect pepper production under greenhouse conditions. Abstract 1 since the late 1970s, the western flower thrips has spread from its original distribution in western north america to become a major worldwide crop pest. The pest status of onion thrips can be attributed to its polyphagous nature, high reproductive rate, short generation time, high survival of cryptic nonfeeding prepupa and pupa instars, ability to. Western flower thrips frankliniella occidentalis pergande. Frankliniella occidentalis franocphotos eppo global database. Inra montpellier to read this page in french hyppz on line. Pdf sampling for estimating frankliniella species flower. A new attractant for monitoring western flower thrips.
Postharvest treatments against western flower thrips. Western flower thrips wft is the primary thrips species encountered by greenhouse producers and is extremely polyphagous, feeding on a widevariety of horticultural crops grown in both commercial and research greenhouses brodsgaard. Species scientific name, pests common names, glossary, crops. In this study, the distance traveled by wft to locate yellow cards using only visual cues and visual cues plus olfactory cues was. Thysanoptera, thripidae paperback march 31, 2012 by douglas everett bryan author, ray f. Insects free fulltext behavioral responses of western. The spread of the western flower thrips frankliniella occidentalis pergande. An increasing problem is the emergence of tswv resistancebreaking strains that overcome the resistance genes in pepper and tomato. Protection organisation 1988 frankliniella occidentalis, biology and control. As a result, primary and secondary adult sex ratios can diverge from the 1. Frankliniella occidentalis an overview sciencedirect. Behavioral responses of western flower thrips frankliniella. Frankliniella bispinosa browse species thrips of california. Frankliniella bispinosa is a common thrips in florida, the bahamas, and bermuda, but the role of f.
Frankliniella occidentalis western flower thrips in the. Chemical ecology of western flower thrips springerlink. In the past 30 years, western flower thrips, frankliniella occidentalis pergande thysanoptera. Comparative life history studies of frankliniella occidentalis and. Frankliniella occidentalis the western flower thrips this is a medium sized species 1.
Under laboratory conditions, mechanical inoculation with crude plant extracts is efficiently performed. Controlling the western flower thrips, frankliniella. Download book pdf thrips biology and management pp 587593 cite as. World distribution of frankliniella occidentalis franoc continent country state status. Frankliniella occidentalis is the key vector responsible for the emergence of tomato spotted wilt virus as a global threat to agriculture. Frankliniella occidentalis pergande and frankliniella intonsa trybom are sympatric pests of many greenhouse and field crops in korea. The genus frankliniella karny, with keys for the determination of species thysanoptera. Download book pdf thrips biology and management pp 439447 cite as. Cloyd, and kun yan zhu department of entomology, kansas state university, manhattan, ks 66503 abstract western flower thrips wft, frankliniella occidentalis is an economically important insect pest of greenhouses. Frankliniella occidentalis is the most economicallyimportant agronomic pest worldwide within thysanoptera because it is a direct pest and an efficient vector of plant pathogenic viruses.
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